Suchergebnisse

Tourist spending behavior is not only relevant in terms of volume but also in terms of trip budget composition or allocation (share or proportion of total trip budget allocated to transportation, accommodation or activities). This paper aims to profile expenditure patterns before, during and after the economic crisis, and how they affect destinations. Clustering methods and compositional data analysis is used as an appropriate statistical approach to analyze share. Incoming tourists to Spain are segmented by trip budget share using repeated cross-sections of official statistics data (2006-2012). One of the main findings is that segments are heterogeneous in their cutting back on expenditure during the economic crisis, and segments increasing in size during the crisis not only spend less but also have the lowest activity share. Furthermore, the paper identifies one of the segments being particularly attractive for destinations in terms both of total expenditure and expenditure profile, with a high activity expenditure share and usually flying with low-cost airlines. The paper contributes to understanding tourist consumer behavior in terms of expenditure pattern at micro level in times of economic recession and its implications for particular destinations. ; The authors are pleased to acknowledge the support of the Instituto de Turismo de España in providing them with the raw data. The authors have all responsibility for any lack of accuracy or reliability of their data analysis. The authors acknowledge the support of the Catalan Autonomous Government Consolidated Research Group Grant 2014SGR551 funding the research group 'Compositional and Spatial Data Analysis (COSDA)'; the Spanish Health Ministry Grant CB06/02/1002 funding the research group 'CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)'; the Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry/FEDER Grants MTM2015–65016-C2–1-R and EDU2015–68610-R funding the projects 'COmpositional Data Analysis and RElated meThOdS (CODA-RETOS)' and 'Assessing Individual and Team Entrepreneurial Potential'; and the University of Girona Grant MPCUdG2016/069 funding the project 'Statistical and Econometric Modeling'.

Since some years ago low-cost carriers (LCCs) are becoming less and less low-cost-like, as well as full-service airlines are becoming less and less full-service-like, thus contributing to lessen the differences between users of one airline type and the other. LCCs have made air travel available to all budgets and enabled tourists to spend more at destination by reallocating their trip expenditure. The objective of this article is to observe if airline types have been converging regarding travellers' expenditure allocation and total trip expenditure. We use repeated cross sections of the Spanish tourist expenditure survey between 2006 and 2014, and compositional data analysis with a total in order not to confound effects involving expenditure allocation with those involving expenditure volume. Results show that users of both airline types converge in their allocation of the trip budget (between transportation and at-destination expenses, and within at-destination expenses), but diverge with regard to total trip expenditure. ; The authors are pleased to acknowledge the support of the Instituto de Turismo de España in providing them with the raw data. The authors have all responsibility for any lack of accuracy or reliability of their data analysis. The authors acknowledge the support of the Catalan Autonomous Government Consolidated Research Group Grant 2014SGR551 funding the research group "Compositional and Spatial Data Analysis (COSDA)"; the Spanish Health Ministry grant CB06/02/1002 funding the research group "CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)"; the FEDER/Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry grant MTM2015-65016-C2-1-R funding the project "COmpositional Data Analysis and RElated meThOdS (CODA-RETOS)"; and the University of Girona grant MPCUdG2016/069.

Tourist destination image (TDI) is considered crucial when planning a trip. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology to analyse and measure the (in)congruity or gap between the two sides of the TDI (supplyside projected vs. demand-side perceived) based on the difference between proportions of appearance. This method is applied to an outstanding Mediterranean destination, Catalonia, based on three different information sources: induced (Catalan Tourist Board dossier), autonomous (Lonely Planet travel guide), and organic (UGC: user-generated content). UGC consists of a random sample of 80,000 online travel reviews written in English by tourists who visited Catalonia during 2015. Our findings emphasize discrepancies in three aspects of the TDI, namely spatial, cognitive and affective image. The measurement of the gap between these TDI components shows that organic images (perceived) are significantly different from autonomous and induced images (projected), and that, the last two resemble one another much more. ; Acknowledgements Both authors acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [Grant id.: TURCOLAB ECO2017-88984-R]. Second author acknowledges the support of the Catalan Autonomous Government [Grant id.: 2014SGR551] funding the consolidated research group "Compositional and Spatial Data Analysis (COSDA)" and the FEDER / Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry [Grant id.: MTM2015-65016-C2-1-R] funding the project "COmpositional Data Analysis and RElated meThOdS (CODA-RETOS)".

This open access book presents the proceedings of the International Federation for IT and Travel & Tourism (IFITT)'s 29th Annual International eTourism Conference, which assembles the latest research presented at the ENTER2022 conference, which will be held on January 11–14, 2022. The book provides an extensive overview of how information and communication technologies can be used to develop tourism and hospitality. It covers the latest research on various topics within the field, including augmented and virtual reality, website development, social media use, e-learning, big data, analytics, and recommendation systems. The readers will gain insights and ideas on how information and communication technologies can be used in tourism and hospitality. Academics working in the eTourism field, as well as students and practitioners, will find up-to-date information on the status of research.

As a sports activity with immense tradition, current offerings and future prospects, golfing represents a first-rate tourist resource. In choosing golfing destinations, tourists rely upon information that is available online, just as consumers do in making decisions about any resource. Thus, in our study, we sought to profile the internet presence of golf courses in Catalonia, as well as the maturity of their e-commerce. To that end, we developed an integrated model for analysing the websites of golf courses: one based on web content analysis and structured with four dimensions (i.e., information, communication, e-commerce and additional functions) and the phases of the extended model of internet commerce adoption (eMICA). Applied to all golf courses in Catalonia that operate websites, the model revealed that, despite the sport's great importance to the local economy and tourism, the golf courses do not have an adequate online presence or sufficient platforms for communication. The present work includes information on its theoretical contribution, implications for management, limitations and future lines of research. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (Grant I.D.: TURCOLAB ECO2017-88984-R). Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the support of the Catalan Government for the accreditation as Consolidated Research Group TURESCO (2017 SGR 49). Laura Puig-Prim is also thanked for the work done in data collection.

Video Game Experiential Marketing in Tourism: Designing for Experiences -- Mixed reality for Generation Z in cultural heritage tourism -- Virtual Reality: A Simple Substitute or New Niche? -- Video Games as a Media for Tourism Experience -- Travel planning for families with a disabled child, and how AI can improve tourism accessibility -- Leveraging Blockchain in Medical Tourism Value Chain -- Navigation by Revealing Trade-offs for Content-Based Recommendations -- Personalization of Multi-Day Round Trip Itineraries According to Travelers' Preferences -- Identifying the main service elements for customer-oriented live guided virtual tours -- Platform Stress in Hospitality - Focusing on the technology dimension -- Visualizing and Comparing Online Travel Reviews of the Great Walls: A Data Mining Approach -- Monitoring Human-Wildlife Interactions in National Parks with Crowdsourced Data and Deep Learning -- Exploring the utilitarian and hedonic value derived from tourism pre-experiences with virtual reality: differences between destinations and accommodations.

The Initial Impact of Technology Enabled Relationship Creation in Rural Lebanon -- Meaning of fun in hotel gamified applications -- Riding against the algorithm: Algorithmic management in on-demand food delivery -- "Domestic or International?" The Impact of Cognitive Absorption of Short-Form Videos on Tourists' Post-COVID Travel Intention: An exploratory study on Douyin -- A Re-rank Algorithm for Online Hotel Search -- Exploring Customer Experience with Service Robots in Hospitality and Tourism: Activity Theory Perspective -- How do affect the infusion of smart technology and mindfulness of tourism SMEs on competitiveness -- User Experience and Spatial Presence in a Walk-in Augmented Reality 3D Model for Tourists.

The sharing economy has become a new socioeconomic activity that allows the co-creation, production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between individuals, driven by Web 2.0 and e-word of mouth. How these online platforms communicate their content is critical. This paper seeks to develop a scale for measuring the perceived quality of websites that offer information about sharing economy services focused on online peer-to-peer accommodation. The resulting model is validated by means of structural equations and is composed of four dimensions (efficiency; reliability, privacy/security; and communication). The influence that perceived quality exerts on satisfaction and loyalty is then explored from an online media perspective. A scale resulting from the combination of these two areas of knowledge (online media and e-service quality) may take advantage of the more beneficial features they have to offer and provide us with as balanced and convergent a model as possible. The results of the study show that all of the initial hypotheses are confirmed except one. Efficiency, reliability and privacy/security positively influence the perceived quality of a collaborative accommodation portal, whereas communication does not ; Funding: This research was funded by MINISTERIO DE ECONOMÍA, INDUSTRIA Y COMPETITIVIDAD, grant id. TURCOLAB ECO2017-88984-R. Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the support of the Catalan Government for the accreditation as Consolidated Research Group TURESCO (2017 SGR 49).

The expansion of low-cost airlines (LCAs) has led to a reduction of flight costs and has enabled tourists to redistribute their trip budget and spend a higher proportion at the destination. Analyses of absolute trip spending by parts (such as transportation) and of trip budget share (for example, the proportion of transportation within the total trip budget) serve different objectives. The first type of analysis refers to how much tourists spend and the second to how they spend. The aims of this article are, first, to provide a new methodological tool to combine the analysis of budget share and absolute expenditure and, second, to analyse the determinants of absolute expenditure on transportation and the relative importance of transportation expenditure compared to other trip budget components. The main findings are that traveller characteristics affecting high absolute transportation expenditure are different from those affecting a high share of transportation in the trip budget. This has implications for LCA pricing strategies ; The authors are pleased to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Institute of Tourism (Instituto de Turismo de España) in providing them with the raw data. The authors are entirely responsible for any lack of accuracy or reliability in the data analysis. All authors wish to thank Neelu Seetaram and Juan José Egozcue for their comments on previous versions of the article and to acknowledge the support of the Catalan Autonomous Government Consolidated Research Group Grant 2014SGR551 for funding their research group 'Compositional and Spatial Data Analysis (COSDA)'; the Spanish Health Ministry grant CB06/02/1002 for funding the research group "CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)"; the Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry grants MTM2015-65016-C2-1-R and EDU2015-68610-R, respectively, for funding the projects "COmpositional Data Analysis and RElated meThOdS (CODA-RETOS)" and "Assessing Individual and Team Entrepreneurial Potential"; and the University of Girona ...

The expansion of low-cost airlines (LCAs) has led to a reduction of flight costs and has enabled tourists to redistribute their trip budget and spend a higher proportion at the destination. Analyses of absolute trip spending by parts (such as transportation) and of trip budget share (for example, the proportion of transportation within the total trip budget) serve different objectives. The first type of analysis refers to how much tourists spend and the second to how they spend. The aims of this article are, first, to provide a new methodological tool to combine the analysis of budget share and absolute expenditure and, second, to analyse the determinants of absolute expenditure on transportation and the relative importance of transportation expenditure compared to other trip budget components. The main findings are that traveller characteristics affecting high absolute transportation expenditure are different from those affecting a high share of transportation in the trip budget. This has implications for LCA pricing strategies ; The authors are pleased to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Institute of Tourism (Instituto de Turismo de España) in providing them with the raw data. The authors are entirely responsible for any lack of accuracy or reliability in the data analysis. All authors wish to thank Neelu Seetaram and Juan José Egozcue for their comments on previous versions of the article and to acknowledge the support of the Catalan Autonomous Government Consolidated Research Group Grant 2014SGR551 for funding their research group 'Compositional and Spatial Data Analysis (COSDA)'; the Spanish Health Ministry grant CB06/02/1002 for funding the research group "CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)"; the Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry grants MTM2015-65016-C2-1-R and EDU2015-68610-R, respectively, for funding the projects "COmpositional Data Analysis and RElated meThOdS (CODA-RETOS)" and "Assessing Individual and Team Entrepreneurial Potential"; and the University of Girona grants MPCUdG2016/069 and MPCUdG2016/098

The expansion of low-cost airlines (LCAs) has led to a reduction of flight costs and has enabled tourists to redistribute their trip budget and spend a higher proportion at the destination. Analyses of absolute trip spending by parts (such as transportation) and of trip budget share (for example, the proportion of transportation within the total trip budget) serve different objectives. The first type of analysis refers to how much tourists spend and the second to how they spend. The aims of this article are, first, to provide a new methodological tool to combine the analysis of budget share and absolute expenditure and, second, to analyse the determinants of absolute expenditure on transportation and the relative importance of transportation expenditure compared to other trip budget components. The main findings are that traveller characteristics affecting high absolute transportation expenditure are different from those affecting a high share of transportation in the trip budget. This has implications for LCA pricing strategies ; The authors are pleased to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Institute of Tourism (Instituto de Turismo de España) in providing them with the raw data. The authors are entirely responsible for any lack of accuracy or reliability in the data analysis. All authors wish to thank Neelu Seetaram and Juan José Egozcue for their comments on previous versions of the article and to acknowledge the support of the Catalan Autonomous Government Consolidated Research Group Grant 2014SGR551 for funding their research group 'Compositional and Spatial Data Analysis (COSDA)'; the Spanish Health Ministry grant CB06/02/1002 for funding the research group "CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)"; the Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry grants MTM2015-65016-C2-1-R and EDU2015-68610-R, respectively, for funding the projects "COmpositional Data Analysis and RElated meThOdS (CODA-RETOS)" and "Assessing Individual and Team Entrepreneurial Potential"; and the University of Girona grants MPCUdG2016/069 and MPCUdG2016/098

The ritualistic use of statistical models regardless of the type of data actually available is a common practice across disciplines which we dare to call type zero error. Statistical models involve a series of assumptions whose existence is often neglected altogether, this is specially the case with ipsative data. This paper illustrates the consequences of this ritualistic practice within Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) operationalized through its Learning Style Inventory (KLSI). We show how using a well-known methodology in other disciplines—compositional data analysis (CODA) and log ratio transformations—KLSI data can be properly analyzed. In addition, the method has theoretical implications: a third dimension of the KLSI is unveiled providing room for future research. This third dimension describes an individual's relative preference for learning by prehension rather than by transformation. Using a sample of international MBA students, we relate this dimension with another self-assessment instrument, the Philosophical Orientation Questionnaire (POQ), and with an observer-assessed instrument, the Emotional and Social Competency Inventory (ESCI-U). Both show plausible statistical relationships. An intellectual operating philosophy (IOP) is linked to a preference for prehension, whereas a pragmatic operating philosophy (POP) is linked to transformation. Self-management and social awareness competencies are linked to a learning preference for transforming knowledge, whereas relationship management and cognitive competencies are more related to approaching learning by prehension. ; The authors want to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Sciences and Innovation (MICINN) research project EDU2010-15250 "Emotional and Social Competencies Development Program" within the European Higher Education Area. Spanish Health Ministry Grant CB06/02/1002 funding the research group "Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)." Catalan Autonomous Government Consolidated Research Groups: Grant 2014SGR582 funding the research group "Leadership Development Research Centre (GLEAD)" and Grant 2014SGR551 funding the research group "Compositional and Spatial Data Analysis (COSDA)."

The aim of this article is to describe a method for relating two compositions which combines compositional data analysis and canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and to examine its main statistical properties. We use additive log-ratio (alr) transformation on both compositions and apply standard CCA to the transformed data. We show that canonical variates are themselves log-ratios and log-contrasts. The first pair of canonical variates can be interpreted as the log-contrast of a composition that has the maximum correlation with a log-contrast of the other composition. The second pair can be interpreted as the log-contrast of a composition that has the maximum correlation with a log-contrast of the other composition, under the restriction that they are uncorrelated with the first pair, and so on. Using properties from changes of basis, we prove that both canonical correlations and canonical variates are invariant to the choice of divisors in alr transformation. We show how to implement the analysis and interpret the results by means of an illustration from the social sciences field using data from Kolb's Learning Style Inventory and Boyatzis' Philosophical Orientation Questionnaire, which distribute a fixed total score among several learning modes and philosophical orientations ; The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Spanish Health Ministry Grant CB06/02/1002 funding the research group "Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)"; Catalan Autonomous Government Consolidated Research Group Grants 2014SGR551 and 2014SGR582 funding the research groups "Compositional and Spatial Data Analysis (COSDA)" and "Leadership Development Research Centre (GLEAD)"; Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry grants MINECO/FEDER-EU MTM2015-65016-C2-1-R and EDU2015-68610-R funding the projects "Compositional Data Analysis and RElated meThOdS (CODA-RETOS)" and "Assessing Individual and Team Entrepreneurial Potential"; and University of Girona grants MPCUdG2016/069 and MPCUdG2016/098

The aim of this article is to describe a method for relating two compositions which combines compositional data analysis and canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and to examine its main statistical properties. We use additive log-ratio (alr) transformation on both compositions and apply standard CCA to the transformed data. We show that canonical variates are themselves log-ratios and log-contrasts. The first pair of canonical variates can be interpreted as the log-contrast of a composition that has the maximum correlation with a log-contrast of the other composition. The second pair can be interpreted as the log-contrast of a composition that has the maximum correlation with a log-contrast of the other composition, under the restriction that they are uncorrelated with the first pair, and so on. Using properties from changes of basis, we prove that both canonical correlations and canonical variates are invariant to the choice of divisors in alr transformation. We show how to implement the analysis and interpret the results by means of an illustration from the social sciences field using data from Kolb's Learning Style Inventory and Boyatzis' Philosophical Orientation Questionnaire, which distribute a fixed total score among several learning modes and philosophical orientations ; The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Spanish Health Ministry Grant CB06/02/1002 funding the research group "Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)"; Catalan Autonomous Government Consolidated Research Group Grants 2014SGR551 and 2014SGR582 funding the research groups "Compositional and Spatial Data Analysis (COSDA)" and "Leadership Development Research Centre (GLEAD)"; Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry grants MINECO/FEDER-EU MTM2015-65016-C2-1-R and EDU2015-68610-R funding the projects "Compositional Data Analysis and RElated meThOdS (CODA-RETOS)" and "Assessing Individual and Team Entrepreneurial Potential"; and University of Girona grants MPCUdG2016/069 and MPCUdG2016/098